@article {2448, title = {Arctic species of the cheilostome bryozoan Microporella, with a redescription of the type species}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {42}, number = {27-28}, year = {2008}, month = {2008/07/01}, pages = {1893-1906}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802126904}, author = {Kuklinski, Piotr and Taylor, Paul D} } @article {2436, title = {Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters)}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {43}, number = {35-36}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/08/26}, pages = {2227-2243}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903090140}, author = {Tompsett, Scott and Porter, Joanne S. and Taylor, Paul D} } @article {2426, title = {Systematics of the Miocene{\textendash}Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {160}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {17-39}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {The four existing species of the ascophoran bryozoan Pentapora Fisher, 1807 are revised, and two new fossil species are introduced: Pentapora lacryma sp. nov. from the Pliocene Coralline Crag Formation of Suffolk, and Pentapora clipeus sp. nov. from the Pliocene of Emilia, Italy. The Arctic species Pentapora boreale Kuklinski \& Hayward possesses a lyrula, does not belong in Pentapora, and is a junior synonym of Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz). The morphology of the autozooids is relatively uniform within the genus, and the main distinguishing characters are those of the ovicells and, particularly, the giant avicularia that are developed sporadically in all species apart from Pentapora foliacea, popularly known as {\textquoteleft}Ross coral{\textquoteright}. A phylogenetic analysis based on skeletal characters returned a single shortest tree in which the three species of Pentapora from the North Atlantic (P. foliacea, Pentapora pertusa, and P. lacryma sp. nov.) form a clade crownward of the three basal species from the Mediterranean (Pentapora ottomulleriana, Pentapora fascialis, and P. clipeus sp. nov.). {\textcopyright} 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 160, 17{\textendash}39.}, keywords = {Evolution, morphology, new species, phylogeny, zooidal polymorphism}, isbn = {1096-3642}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00594.x}, author = {Lombardi, Chiara and Taylor, Paul D and Cocito, Silvia} } @article {2371, title = {Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, number = {2093}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 3}, month = {May 6}, pages = {43-59}, isbn = {1175-5326}, url = {://WOS:000266231500003}, author = {Ryland, John S. and De Blauwe, Hans and Lord, Richard and Mackie, Joshua A.} } @article {2370, title = {Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {45}, number = {13-14}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, month = {2011}, pages = {767-798}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {://WOS:000288785000002}, author = {Ramalho, Lais V and Muricy, Guilherme and Taylor, Paul D} } @article {2369, title = {Ecology of stone-encrusting organisms in the Greenland Sea-a review}, journal = {Polar Research}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 3}, month = {Aug}, pages = {222-237}, isbn = {0800-0395}, url = {://WOS:000268302600008}, author = {Kuklinski, Piotr} } @article {2368, title = {Quantitative analysis of a deep-water bryozoan collection from the Hebridean continental slope}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, note = {Times Cited: 6}, month = {Dec}, pages = {987-993}, isbn = {0025-3154}, url = {://WOS:000173486400015}, author = {Hughes, D. J.} } @article {1583, title = {Microhabitat diversity of Svalbard bryozoa}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 892QVTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 43Taylor \& francis ltdAbingdon}, pages = {539-554}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Bryozoans are one of the major macrofaunal groups of the high polar regions. Here we present data on the nature of bryozoan assemblages in the Svalbard Archipelago sampled over 6 years between 1997 and 2002. Samples were collected with use of Van Veen grab, dredge and Scuba diving at depths ranging from 0 to 268 m. Among examined material (5026 items) bryozoans were present on one type of abiotic (stones) and 40 types of biotic substrata. The biotic substrata we investigated included algae (12 taxa) and invertebrates (28 taxa: Hydrozoa, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Ascidiacea, other Bryozoa). Both a priori ANOSIM (Global R=0.512, P=0.001) and cluster analyses reveal differences between the assemblages on different types of substrata. Cluster analyses distinguish two distinct groups of substrata. The first (stable) included stones, molluscs and Balanus balanus whilst the second (flexible) consisted of algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans. Bryozoan assemblages which colonized different substrata, varied in terms of species composition and their dominance. Bryozoan species were categorized as generalists, low-specificity epibiotic species or locally abundant background species. No species were found to be substratum-specific to any type. Among substrata with the richest bryozoan fauna were stones (156 taxa), Chlamys islandica (68) and Balanus balanus (62). There were clear patterns in the distribution of substrata colonized by bryozoans within the fiord system: those shallow near the mouth were rich whilst those in deeper water were depauperate. We consider environmental gradients such as siltation and processes related to depth to be responsible for such patterns.}, keywords = {antarctica, Arctic, biodiversity, communities, epibiota, fauna, Kongsfjorden, signy island, substrata, substratum-bryozoan association}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {://000226666000003}, author = {Kuklinski, P. and Barnes, D. K. A.} } @article {1582, title = {Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {41}, number = {17-20}, year = {2007}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 189CVTimes Cited: 4Cited Reference Count: 193Grischenko, Andrei V. Dick, Matthew H. Mawatari, Shunsuke F.Taylor \& francis ltdAbingdon}, pages = {1047-1161}, type = {Review}, abstract = {We found 39 cheilostome species among more than 7000 specimens collected at 10 intertidal sites in rocky habitats along the shore of Akkeshi Bay, eastern Hokkaido Island, Japan. These species are herein described in detail and illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. Nine species (23\% of total) are described as new (Electra asiatica, Callopora sarae, Conopeum nakanosum, Cauloramphus cryptoarmatus, Cauloramphus multispinosus, Cauloramphus niger, Stomachetosella decorata, Microporella luellae, and Celleporina minima), and 21 species (54\%) are reported for the first time from Japan. Species richness ranged from eight to 29 species per study site. A TWINSPAN analysis showed the species fell into nine groups defined by the local pattern of distribution. A cluster analysis of study sites based on similarity of species composition showed three faunistic groups distributed geographically: in Akkeshi Lake, along the eastern-central shore of the bay, and at the mouth of the bay. Species richness in estuarine Akkeshi Lake was low, with a species composition very different from the outer bay. Most cheilostomes were found on rock and shell substrata, but uncommonly occurred on concrete walls, algae, hydroids, tubes of polychaetes, other bryozoans, and anthropogenic debris. Of the 39 species found, 33 (85\%) contained embryos during the collecting periods, 2-7 June and 3-6 July 2004. The biogeographical composition of intertidal cheilostomes at Akkeshi Bay included species with Arctic-Boreal (28\%), Boreal (59\%), and Boreal-Subtropical (13\%) distributions. The overall species richness of intertidal cheilostomes was two-thirds that documented intertidally in a comparable study at Kodiak, Alaska, a locality 15 degrees higher in latitude. We attribute the lower richness at Akkeshi to differences in the nearshore marine environment between the two localities.}, keywords = {biodiversity, biogeography, bryozoa, Cheilostomata, genus, intertidal, islands, new, species, species richness, taxonomy}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {://000247967500005}, author = {Grischenko, A. V. and Dick, M. H. and Mawatari, S. F.} } @article {1488, title = {Einhornia, a new genus for electrids formerly classified as the Electra crustulenta species group (Bryozoa, cheilostomata)}, journal = {Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Schleswig-Holstein}, volume = {69}, year = {2007}, chapter = {29-40}, author = {Nikulina, E. A.} } @article {1452, title = {REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AND LIFE HISTORIES IN THE CHEILOSTOME MARINE BRYOZOANS CHARTELLA-PAPYRACEA AND BUGULA-FLABELLATA}, journal = {Marine Biology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {1982}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: PU619Times Cited: 24Cited Reference Count: 38Springer verlagNew york}, pages = {241-256}, type = {Article}, isbn = {0025-3162}, url = {://A1982PU61900004}, author = {Dyrynda, P. E. J. and Ryland, J.S.} } @article {1450, title = {Brood chambers (ovicells) in cheilostomes (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata): structure, history of study and modern problems}, journal = {Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok)}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {Zoor14103014638}, month = {May}, pages = {169-182}, type = {Article}, abstract = {This paper surveys the investigations of the brood chambers (ovicells) in cheilostomate bryozoans starting with their first description by John Ellis in 1755 up to the present. The controversy about ovicellar structure, function, and formation is considered in detail, and development of modem terminology is traced. The importance of ovicell studies for understanding the phylogeny and evolution of reproductive patterns in Cheilostomata is discussed.}, keywords = {Animals and man, chamber ovicell structure / history of study \& evaluation of modern, Cheilostomata (Bryozoa)., Cheilostomata [History of zoology / / ] [Reproductive system / Brood, Evolution, problems] [Evolution / / ]., Reproduction}, isbn = {0134-3475}, url = {://ZOOREC:ZOOR14103014638}, author = {Ostrovsky, A. N.} } @article {1442, title = {Zooid size and growth rate of the bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana Moll in relation to temperature, in culture and in its natural environment}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, volume = {353}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {The size of cheilostome bryozoan zooids has been widely discussed for its potential in inferring palaeotemperatures, based on correlations between zooid size and temperature. Studies in both the natural environment and under experimental laboratory conditions have shown that an increase in temperature significantly decreases zooid size in a range of bryozoan taxa. In order to test the effect of temperature on zooid size, the cheilostome bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana was for the first time successfully cultured under laboratory conditions. C. pallasiana was grown at 14~{\textdegree}C and 18~{\textdegree}C using Rhodomonas sp. as a food organism. Zooid size, tentacle number and growth rate were measured over a period of 26~days. For comparison, zooids from colonies of C. pallasiana collected from the natural environment were measured in winter and summer months. Results showed that colonies grown in laboratory culture had significantly longer and wider zooids at 14~{\textdegree}C than at 18~{\textdegree}C. The specific growth rate of C. pallasiana doubled from 14~{\textdegree}C to 18~{\textdegree}C. Comparison of tentacle number in culture showed a significantly higher value at lower temperatures. This may be related to differing food availability, longer polypide life spans, or a shift of energy use at colder temperatures. In nature the zooids were significantly longer in colonies sampled in July than in January, a clear difference from laboratory results. The utility of cheilostome Bryozoa as indicators of environmental change and their potential for studies of paleotemperature are highlighted.}, keywords = {bryozoa, Cryptosula, Culture, Growth rate, Tentacle number, Zooid size}, isbn = {0022-0981}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8F-4R0CR5J-1/2/9a4b8174afc04bcd5b483dd2277852a7}, author = {Amui-Vedel, Ann-Margret and Hayward, Peter J. and Porter, Joanne S.} } @article {1443, title = {Zoobotryon verticillatum Dell Chiaje, 1822 (Bryozoa), a new occurrence in the archipelago of the Azores (north-eastern Atlantic)}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {58}, year = {2009}, pages = {761-764}, author = {Amat, Jaen N and Tempera, F} } @article {1444, title = {Fouling Bryozoa from some Alexandria harbours, Egypt. (II) Encursting species}, journal = {Mediterranean Marine Science}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {5-20}, author = {Abdel-Salam, KH and Ramadan, SH} } @article {1445, title = {Fouling Bryozoa from some Alexandria harbours, Egypt. (I) Erect species}, journal = {Mediterranean Marine Science}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {31-47}, author = {Abdel-Salam, KH and Ramadan, SH} } @article {1435, title = {An unreported invasive bryozoan that can affect livelihoods - Membraniporopsis tubigera in New Zealand and Brazil}, journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {331-342}, author = {Gordon, Dennis P and Ramalho, Lais V and Taylor, Paul D} } @article {1436, title = {Sieve size influence in estimating biomass, abundance and diversity in samples of deep-ea macrobenthos}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {225}, year = {2002}, pages = {97-107}, author = {Gage, John D and Hughes, David J and Gozalez Vecino, Joes L} } @article {1437, title = {The introduction of the bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum (Della Chiaje, 1822) in northeast of Brazil: a cause for concern}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {13-16}, author = {Farrapeira, Cristiane M R} } @article {1438, title = {Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand}, journal = {Deep-Sea Research I}, volume = {56}, year = {2009}, pages = {1540-1544}, author = {Clark, Malcolm R and Rowden, Ashely A} } @article {1440, title = {Regional and temporal changes in epizoobiontic bryozoan-communities of Flustra foliacea (Linnaeus, 1758) and implications for North Sea ecology}, journal = {Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 720ORTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 53Bitschofsky, F. Forster, S. Scholz, J.Leibniz Institut for Baltic Research Warnemunde ; University of Rostock ; Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg ; Loewe-Institut ; Initiative for the Development of Scientific and Economic Excellence (LOEWE) of the Federal State of Hessen ; Senckenberg Nature Research Society (SGN) ; Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main (GU)This work was only possible with the help of curators who made collected material available to us. We thank the curators: Dr. Dirk Brandis (Zoological Museum, Kiel), Dr. Carsten Later (Natural History Museum, Berlin), PD Dr. Andreas Schmidt-Rhesa (Zoological Museum, Hamburg) and their staff for providing this material. Further thanks go to Rainer Bahlo and the Leibniz Institut for Baltic Research Warnemunde for their support at the SEM, and to Professor Roger Cuffey (Pennsylvania State University) and two anonymous reviewers for reading and commenting on the manuscript and correcting the English. This research was supported by the University of Rostock, the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg and the Loewe-Institut. This is a contribution by the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) supported by the Initiative for the Development of Scientific and Economic Excellence (LOEWE) of the Federal State of Hessen, the Senckenberg Nature Research Society (SGN), and Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main (GU).Academic press ltd- elsevier science ltdLondon}, month = {Feb}, pages = {423-433}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Until recently, bryozoans have not been used as indicators for changes in bottom communities or climate control in the North Sea Basin, despite a 200-year history of bryozoan collecting. The epizoobiontic bryozoan fauna of Flustra foliacea (Linnaeus, 1758) was analysed on 51 sample stations kept in four German museums. The samples cover the entire North Sea and different time periods (1776-2008, mainly the period of 1904/1905 compared to 1980-87). Cluster analysis shows a differentiation into a northern and a southern North Sea assemblage. The northern assemblage is characterized by Amphiblestrum flemingii (Busk, 1854), Callopora dumerilii (Audouin, 1826) and Tricellaria ternata (Ellis \& Solander, 1786), while the southern North Sea is characterized by Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767), Crisia eburnea (Linnaeus, 1758) and Plagioecia patina (Lamarck, 1816). Spatial separation approximately follows the 50 m depth contour. The temporal distribution patterns of bryozoans are discussed in terms of NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and temperature variations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {biogeography, bryozoa, diversity, epibiosis, fauna, Flustra foliacea, invertebrates, North Sea, species diversity}, isbn = {0272-7714}, url = {://000287290500009}, author = {Bitschofsky, F. and Forster, S. and Scholz, J.} } @article {1418, title = {Large-scale variation in macrofaunal communities along the eastern Nordic Seas continental margin: A comparison of four stations with contrasting food supplys}, journal = {Progress in Oceanography}, volume = {82}, year = {2009}, pages = {125-136}, author = {Sheilds, Mark A and Hughesm David J} } @article {1420, title = {Bryozoan biodiveristy in the New Zealand region and implications for marine conservation}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, pages = {2695-2721}, author = {Rowden, Ashely A and Warwick, Richard M and Gordon, Dennis P} } @article {1423, title = {Comparative anatomy of internal incubational sacs in cupuladriid bryozoans and the evolution of brooding in free-living cheilostomes}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {270}, year = {2009}, pages = {1413-1430}, keywords = {Internal brood sac}, author = {Ostrovsky, Andrew N. and O{\textquoteright}Dea, Aaron and Rodriguez, Felix} } @article {1424, title = {Cryptic speciation and paraphyly in the cosmopolitan bryozoan Electra pilosa - Impact of the Tethys closing on species evolution}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Times Cited: 7}, pages = {765-776}, abstract = {Cosmopolitan nature of the marine bryozoan Electra pilosa was studied to clarify geographic structure and to Outline evolution and phylogeography of the species. Several local populations from the Northeast Atlantic (North Sea and Baltic Sea), Arctic (Barents Sea and White Sea) and Indo-West Pacific (New Zealand) were compared. In addition, we examined the closely related species L posidoniae from the Mediterranean Sea. Phylogenetic analysis based on both 16S and 18S rDNA indicate that the Indo-West Pacific E pilosa is a sister species to the Atlantic-Mediterranean clade, with the latter including the species E posidoniae and the Atlantic population of E pilosa. The topology of the phylogenetic tree leads us to conclude that E pilosa is a paraphyletic species group relative to E posidoniae, and a molecular dating of its divergence is consistent to geologic events associated with the closure of the Tethys Sea. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {1055-7903}, url = {://WOS:000251943900001}, author = {Nikulina, E. A. and Hanel, R. and Schafer, P.} } @article {1425, title = {On morphology and reproduction of {\textquoteright}Hippodiplosia{\textquoteright} insculpta and Fenestrulina malusii (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)}, journal = {Ophelia}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, pages = {91-125}, author = {Nielsen, C} } @article {1427, title = {Laboratory diets and qualitative nutritional requirements for bryozoans}, journal = {Zoologische Anzeiger}, volume = {205}, year = {1980}, pages = {333-344}, author = {Jebram, Diethardt} } @article {1430, title = {Monster zooids in Cryptosula pallasiana (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata Ascophora)}, journal = {Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen}, volume = {29}, year = {1977}, pages = {404-413}, author = {Jebram, Diethardt} } @article {1432, title = {Preliminary experiments with Bryozoa in a simple apparatus for producing continuous water currents}, journal = {Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen}, volume = {20}, year = {1970}, pages = {278-292}, author = {Jebram, Diethardt} } @article {1433, title = {Benthic metazoan biomass, community structure and bioturbation at three contrasting deep-water sites on the northwest European continental margin}, journal = {Progress in Oceanography}, volume = {63}, year = {2004}, pages = {29-55}, author = {Hughes, David J and Gage, J D} } @article {1434, title = {Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from coastal habitats of Lebanon (Mediterrananea sea), including new and non-indigenous species}, journal = {Zoosystema}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {163-187}, author = {Harmelin, Jean-Georges and Bitar, Ghazi and Zibrowius, Helmut} } @article {1415, title = {Distribution and Ecology of Estuarine Ectoprocts: A Critical Review}, journal = {Chesapeake Science}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {1977}, pages = {34-57}, publisher = {Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation}, abstract = {While most gymnolaemates are restricted to waters of normal salinity, at least 3-6\% are able to penetrate some distance into mixohaline water. Of this group, which includes 9 species of cyclostomes, 35 species of ctenostomes, 55 species of anascan and 21 species of ascophoran cheilostomes, the cyclostomes and the ascophorans are least tolerant of diluted salinities, the ctenostomes and the anascans are most tolerant. Like many other groups of benthic organisms, ectoprocts show a decrease in numbers of species with decreasing salinity. Only 5 species can penetrate into waters of less than 3{\textperthousand}. About 20 species can be considered truly brackish-water organisms, being most abundant in mixohaline waters. Apparently these species possess some means of active osmoregulation, probably at the tissue level. The distribution of brackish water ectoprocts depends not on salinity alone, but also on factors of temperature, substrate availability and the general stability of the environment. Research most necessary before distribution patterns can be explained concerns the salinity tolerance of larvae and adults, larval behavior, and physiology. Also needed are faunal studies, particularly in tropical estuarine localities.}, isbn = {00093262}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1350363}, author = {Winston, Judith E.} } @article {1319, title = {The ecology and evolution of inducible defences in a marine bryozoan: cues, costs and consequences.}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {128}, year = {1986}, pages = {810-823}, author = {Harvell, CD} } @article {1318, title = { High recruitment of the introduced bryozoan Membranipora membranacea is associated with kelp bed defoliation in Nova Scotia, Canada}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {369}, year = {2008}, chapter = {139-151}, author = {Saunders, MI and Metaxas, A} } @article {1317, title = {Population dynamics of a nonindigenous epiphytic bryozoan Membranipora membranacea in the western North Atlantic: effects of kelp substrate}, journal = {Aquatic Biology}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, chapter = {83}, author = {Saunders, MI and Metaxas, A} } @article {1225, title = {Geographic variation in the abundance and morphology of the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum (Ctenostomata: Alcyonidiidae) in UK coastal waters}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, volume = {82}, year = {2002}, chapter = {529-535}, author = {Porter, J.S. and Ellis, J.R. and Hayward, P.J. and Rogers, S.I. and Callaway, R.} } @article {1224, title = {The identity of Alcyonidium diaphanum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida)}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, volume = {81}, year = {2001}, chapter = {1001-1008}, author = {Porter, J.S. and Hayward, P.J. and Spencer Jones, M.E.} }